Introduction:
The Tourism Board of Wisconsin as
asked me to conduct some research regarding the concept of “up North”. I have been provided a large data set of
variables from the State of Wisconsin. They asked that I choose three variables
and conduct a Chi-Square test on each of them as well as create some maps. We have
broken up the State of Wisconsin into two parts, northern and southern counties,
and we are dividing them along Highway 29.
The three variables that I have
selected are Resident Gun Deer License Sales, Nonresident Gun Deer License
Sales, and Nonresident Archery Deer Licenses Sales. I choose these three variables
because as a hunter I think I could provide some helpful insight as to why we
are seeing any patterns within the maps. I also think that hunting is a
fundamental part of Wisconsin, culturally and economically.
My Null Hypothesis is that there is no
difference between Northern and Southern Wisconsin. My Alternative Hypothesis
is that there is a difference between Northern and Southern Wisconsin.
Methodology:
First issue that needed to be
addressed was where the boundary of Northern and Southern Wisconsin was. To do
this I went and downloaded data from the Census Bureau (for the County
Shapefile), ESRI and the Wisconsin DNR for the major roads in Wisconsin. From
there I selected highway 29 through a variety of Select by Attribute tools and
found that there was some gaps in each datasets version of Highway 29 but when
you combine both of them together the create the entire stretch of Highway 29.
Then I selected which counties belonged in what part of the state. Most of them
feel completely within the Northern or Southern zones but some border counties
created some problems. To fix this I put the county in whatever zone that
occupied most of the area along the Highway 29 border. Now that I Labeled which
counties are in the North or South I added a field in the attribute table and
gave the county an attribute of 1 for North and 2 for South. I ended up with a
map that looked something like this:
 |
| Map One |
The next step was to
join the data from the State of Wisconsin to my map of Wisconsin counties and
Highway 29. We joined the data based off of the counties. I then created more
fields within the table for my three variables to set up a Chi Square Test. This
was a confusing concept for most but I found it relatively easy. I went to symbology in Arc, then quantities,
then classify, and told it to give me four groups of counties all based off of
an equal interval. This gave me the four breaks that I would base my test off
of. In the new field in the attribute table I selected field calculator and
entered four as the attribute for all the counties. I then went to select by attributes
and selected everything that was less than my highest break. Then through the
field calculator I gave those attributes a 3. I did this for the rest of the
breaks and that gave me a field in the table that grouped the counties into
four subsets that I could use for my Chi Square Test. Once I did this for all three variables I exported
the table as a dBAse so I could open it in SPSS.
Now I opened SPSS and my table that I exported from Arc. To
get to the Chi Square test I had to go to Analyze, then Descriptive Statistics,
the crosstabs. I selected Chi Square and it was rather simple after this as
SPSS did all the work for me! Now all I have to do is analyze the data.
Results:
After conducting the Chi Square tests
and creating my maps these are my results.
Map two below shows the Sale of
Resident Gun Deer Licenses. We can see a higher number of licenses in the
southern region of Wisconsin with a concentration of sales in Southeastern
Wisconsin. This makes sense due to the higher population of Southern Wisconsin.
The only Northern County that was in the fourth group (Dark Red) was Marathon
County and that could simply be because of the size of the county. This
Variable had a Chi Square value of .295 which shows that there is very little similarity
between the North and South.
 |
| Map Two |
Map three shows the Sale of Nonresident Gun
Deer Licenses. In this map we have seen a complete flip of where the highest
numbers are. They have moved from the highly populated southeastern portion of
Wisconsin to the North/ Northwestern part of Wisconsin. In my opinion most
people would think of Northern Wisconsin as where everybody goes to hunt deer.
So why would the first map of Residents show the opposite and the map on of
Nonresidents show what we see below? The Chi Square Value of this variable was
.190 which shows even a further dissimilarity between North and South.
 |
| Map Three |
In map four we see the sale of
Nonresident Archery Deer Licenses. This map compliments map two and shows relatively
the same pattern. Low numbers in the south and high numbers in the north. The
Chi Square was even smaller than the previous variables at .085! This would
imply a great difference between the Northern Wisconsin and Southern Wisconsin.
Even with map two we have seen a difference and with every map after that, the
difference keeps getting greater and greater.
 |
| Map Four |
Conclusion:
The data has been complied and my interpretation of the data
has ended. This is what I have found. There IS a difference between Northern
and Southern Wisconsin with regard to Deer License Sales. Therefore I reject
the Null Hypothesis and fail to reject the Alternative Hypothesis. I have come
to this conclusion through analyzing the maps I created and the Chi Square
Tests. The concept of “Up North” is a cultural concept and I think that is
shown by these maps. It’s not only residents that hunt deer in Wisconsin,
Thousands of people migrate to Wisconsin to hunt deer and where do they go?
Northern Wisconsin. Why you may ask? Well where else would you go? From tales
of the Turdy Point Buck to stories from the Wisconsin Wilderness, Hunting in
Northern Wisconsin has become a staple for this state. I’m sure that other variables
show similar results but I believe that these variables really speak to what “Up
North” is. It says that although the majority of the population may live in the
Southern region as shown by map 1, that when getting rid of where you live and
trying to locate where you hunt, the Nonresidents point us right in the right
direction. Therefore I can say that statistically there is absolutely a
difference between Northern and Southern Wisconsin and that definitely plays a
role in people’s perception of what “Up North” is.
Thank you to the Wisconsin Board of Tourism for letting me
conduct this study and to the State of Wisconsin, Wisconsin DNR, and ESRI for
their data.
My data concerns are small. I do question the validity of the
license sales locations as I imagine it shows just where the license was
bought. Most people will buy them when they are near their deer camp and this
number doesn’t count for those nonresidents that buy their license in their state.
I don’t think this would change much but it is worth noting.
